Methods and Progress for GNSS Multi-Source Fusion Monitoring of Deformation in Super-High-Rise Buildings

Objectives: Deformation monitoring of super-tall buildings is critical for ensuring their longterm safety and stability. GNSS-based multi-source fusion deformation monitoring technology plays a vital role in this regard, but research on the use of GNSS multi-source sensors for such monitoring remains limited and lacks a systematic approach. Current challenges include the narrow range of deformation parameters, incomplete GNSS/multi-source fusion models, weak data coupling capabilities, and low intelligence in monitoring and early warning systems. Methods: To address these issues, this research proposes an integrated GNSS multi-source fusion deformation monitoring solution based on a perception-transmissionfusion-application framework. Key deformation parameters for super-tall buildings, including translation, settlement, vibration, torsion, deflection, and tilt, are identified. The research also reviews the development of GNSS deformation monitoring models, with a focus on the double-difference model. Furthermore, the research improves models for IMU-based vibration, translation-settlement, and torsional deformation, enabling comprehensive monitoring of multiple deformation parameters. Based on these improvements, a complete GNSS multi-source fusion deformation monitoring method is established. Results: The proposed method is validated using data from a large-scale shaking table simulation and a case study of the Tianjin China Overseas Plaza super-tall building. The results confirm the effectiveness of the IMU-based accelerometer integration model, the Mahony complementary filter-based torsion monitoring model, and the use of IMUs for vibration monitoring in super-tall buildings. This research provides a comprehensive solution for GNSS/IMU multi-source sensor fusion in deformation monitoring, offering strong support for the safety monitoring and management of super-tall buildings throughout their lifecycle. Conclusions: This research offers a robust GNSS/IMU multi-source sensor fusion solution, providing strong support for the safety monitoring and operational management of super-tall buildings throughout their lifecycle.