Spatial Downscaling of Remote Sensing Parameters from Perspective of Data Fusion
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摘要:
空间分辨率不足是限制遥感参量数据精细应用的主要瓶颈问题之一,而空间降尺度是提升遥感参量数据空间分辨率与应用能力的有效途径。研究学者针对不同遥感参量已发展了类型多样的降尺度方法,但还未形成统一、通用的分类体系。在深入分析当前各类参量降尺度共性问题的基础上,从降尺度所需的互补信息出发,以数据融合的视角对空间降尺度方法进行系统总结,归纳出多参量融合、时‐空融合、遥感‐模型融合和超分辨率重建隐式融合4类降尺度方法,剖析了各类方法的优缺点和适用场景,探讨了空间降尺度方法研究的发展趋势,为提升遥感数据精细化应用能力提供理论与技术支撑。
Abstract:Low spatial resolution is one of the main bottlenecks restricting the fine application of remote sensing parameters. Spatial downscaling is an effective way to improve their spatial resolution and application capabilities. Researchers have developed various downscaling methods for different remote sensing parameters. However, a unified and general method classification system has not yet been formed. Based on the in-depth commonality analysis of the downscaling of various parameters, this paper systematically summarizes the spatial downscaling methods from the perspective of data fusion, taking into account the required complementary information. Four types of downscaling methods are summarized: Multi-parameter fusion, spatiotemporal fusion, remote sensing-model fusion, and super-resolution reconstruction implicit fusion. The advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of various methods are analyzed, and the development trend of spatial downscaling method research is discussed. It can provide theoretical and technical support for improving the refined application ability of remote sensing data.
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目前，北斗导航卫星系统(BDS)已实现局域覆盖，随着系统建设的不断完善和应用的不断拓展，与之相关的各类数据处理软件的开发成为重要的研究内容。因此，自主开发北斗高精度数据处理软件，成为发展高精度位置服务的迫切任务[1-8]。因北斗导航卫星系统与GPS在星座构造、坐标框架、时间系统、信号频率等方面具有明显差异[9-15]，现有的高精度GPS数据处理软件无法直接处理北斗数据。本文针对北斗高精度数据处理的系统设计、数据流、功能模块及高精度算法实现等进行了研究，研制开发了一套高精度北斗基线解算软件BGO(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System/Global Positioning System Office)，并将其用于高速铁路高精度控制测量建网。通过与商业软件TGO(Trimble Geomatics Office)和TBC(Trimble Business Center)，及高精度科研软件Bernese进行对比测试、性能分析，验证了该软件的正确性和有效性。
1 系统的设计与模块算法的实现
1.1 系统设计与数据流分析
北斗和GPS基线解算软件主要包含北斗基线处理、GPS基线处理及联合基线处理3大模块。各模块间相互独立，但使用相同的数据结构，且数据流基本一致。数据处理流程如图 1所示。
基线解算之前，需选择有效双频观测数据，具体包含低高度角卫星剔除、观测值粗差剔除、星历未获取观测数据剔除等。剔除质量较差的观测数据可通过可视化的方式实现。通过双频数据组合有效消除电离层延迟影响，伪距消电离组合能算出测站精确至10 m内的概略位置，从而形成网络拓扑图，便于用户查看站点的平面分布。基线解算时，北斗与GPS独立系统数据处理算法相同；联合处理需选择统一的坐标和时间框架，随着多余观测数的增加，还需设置合理的模糊度固定限值。基线解算后，进行网平差，应剔除不合格基线，直至平差结果满足要求。
1.2 高精度基线解算算法实现
高精度基线解算利用双差观测量建立误差方程，北斗双差观测量构造如式(1)：
$$ \mathit{\Delta} \nabla L^{{C_m}{C_n}}_{{S_i}{S_j}} = \left( {L^{{C_n}}_{{S_j}} - L^{{C_n}}_{{S_i}}} \right) - \left( {L^{{C_m}}_{{S_j}} - L^{{C_m}}_{{S_i}}} \right) $$ (1) 式中，Δ▽L表示双差观测量；Si和Sj表示任意站点；Cm和Cn表示任意北斗卫星。
依据式(1)构建的双差观测量，建立误差方程，如式(2)：
$$ \left[ \begin{array}{l} \mathit{\Delta} \nabla \boldsymbol{\varPhi} \\ \mathit{\Delta} \nabla \boldsymbol{P} \end{array} \right] = \boldsymbol{BX} + \boldsymbol{A}\mathit{\Delta} \nabla \boldsymbol{N} + \boldsymbol{V} $$ (2) 式中，Δ▽Φ和Δ▽P分别表示卫星载波相位和伪距双差观测量；X表示基线向量；Δ▽N表示双差整周模糊度；B和A为系数阵；V为残差向量。
利用式(2)构建的误差方程，解算基线向量和双差整周模糊度浮点解。利用LAMBAD方法[16, 17]固定双差整周模糊度后去除。再利用载波相位观测值获取高精度基线向量结果。基线解算过程中，主要利用抗差估计的切比雪夫多项式拟合法[18]及MW-GF组合法[19]探测与修复周跳。
对北斗和GPS双系统基线解算，只需将各系统的双差观测量误差方程叠加后平差计算，即可实现双系统联合基线解算。但需注意，星间差分需选择同一系统卫星，否则会引入系统间信号硬件延迟[20]，影响双差整周模糊度的固定。另外，北斗和GPS在时间框架、坐标框架等存在一定差异，双系统联合解算需保证框架的统一。
北斗和GPS时间转换公式如式(3)：
$$ {t_C} = {t_G}-14\;{\rm{s}} $$ (3) 式中，tC和tG分别表示北斗时和GPS时，两者均为原子时，起算原点不同[13]。
北斗和GPS坐标转换公式如式(4)：
$$ \begin{array}{c} \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{X_C}}\\ {{Y_C}}\\ {{Z_C}} \end{array}} \right] = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{X_G}}\\ {{Y_G}}\\ {{Z_G}} \end{array}} \right] + \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{T_X}}\\ {{T_Y}}\\ {{T_Z}} \end{array}} \right] + \\ \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} D&{ - {R_Z}}&{{R_Y}}\\ {{R_Z}}&D&{ - {R_X}}\\ { - {R_Y}}&{{R_X}}&D \end{array}} \right]\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{X_G}}\\ {{Y_G}}\\ {{Z_G}} \end{array}} \right] \end{array} $$ (4) 式中，北斗坐标(XC，YC，ZC)与GPS坐标(XG，YG，ZG)可通过七参数TX、TY、TZ、D、RX、RY、RZ进行转换。北斗CGCS2000坐标系采用ITRF97框架2000历元的坐标和速度场，当前GPS WGS84坐标和ITRF08基本一致。因此，可利用ITRF97框架2000历元与ITRF08间转换的七参数(ITRF网站公布)实现北斗与GPS坐标框架的统一[11, 12]。
2 BGO数据处理实例与性能测试
2.1 高速铁路CPI控制网基线解算
处理高速铁路CPI控制网时，通过读取观测文件和星历文件，单点定位生成控制网的基线网络拓扑图，如图 2所示。基线解算前，设置相关参数包括卫星截止高度角、误差限差参数、框架、对流层模型、电离层模型、模糊度Ratio值、同步最小观测历元数等。设置完成后，可选择北斗、GPS、联合3种模式进行基线解算。基线解算完成后，软件界面中将显示解算的基线分量及其精度，并可显示残差向量检核基线解算效果。
2.2 BGO、TGO、Bernese软件处理GPS基线结果比较
为了测试BGO解算GPS基线的正确性，将其与TGO和Bernese软件处理结果进行了比较，得到57条GPS基线(基线最长6 667 m，最短446 m)的比较结果，如图 3所示。
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图 3 BGO、TGO、Bernese软件处理GPS基线分量比较Figure 3. Comparing GPS Baseline Components from BGO, TGO and Bernese Software图 3(a)、3(b)分别表示BGO软件与TGO、Bernese软件处理GPS基线分量的差值ΔX、ΔY、ΔZ。图 3(a)中，BGO和TGO有52条基线在X、Y、Z方向的分量差值均在2 cm内，有48条基线各分量差值在mm级。TGO解算少量基线验后方差分量超限，与BGO基线分量差值较大。图 3(b)中，BGO和Bernese有55条基线在X、Y、Z方向的分量差值均在2 cm内，有49条基线各分量差值在mm级。
图 4(a)~4(c)分别表示BGO、TGO、Bernese软件处理GPS基线的内符合精度σX、σY、σZ(BGO、TGO、Bernese软件基线解算精度分别精确至0.1 mm、1 mm和0.1 mm)。整体上，约90%的基线3个软件的解算精度相当。
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图 4 BGO、TGO、Bernese的GPS基线内符合精度比较Figure 4. Comparing GPS Baseline Precision from BGO, TGO and Bernese Software2.3 BGO、TBC软件处理北斗与GPS联合基线结果
为了测试BGO解算北斗与GPS联合基线的性能，本文选用美国Trimble的商业软件TBC与之进行比较。同上57条基线，每条基线观测数据均包含北斗与GPS观测数据。图 5展示了BGO和TBC处理北斗与GPS联合基线分量的差值ΔX、ΔY、ΔZ。图 5可见，98%的基线分量差值分布在mm级，表明BGO软件处理联合基线能达到与TBC软件相当的水平。另外，两者内符合精度绝大部分均在mm级，故图 5中未加以比较。
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图 5 BGO与TBC软件处理北斗与GPS联合基线分量比较Figure 5. Comparing BDS and GPS Combined Baseline Components from BGO and TBC Software由此可知，BGO软件处理GPS基线、北斗与GPS联合基线的内外符合精度能达到TGO、Bernese、TBC相当的水平。因此，以BGO软件处理GPS、北斗与GPS联合基线结果为参考值，分析该软件处理北斗基线结果的正确性和可靠性，如图 6和图 7所示。图 6比较了北斗与GPS、联合基线分量的差值，图 7比较了北斗、GPS、联合基线解算的内符合精度。
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图 6 BGO软件处理北斗与GPS、联合基线分量比较Figure 6. Comparing BDS, GPS and BDS/GPS Combined Baseline Components from BGO Software![]()
图 7 北斗、GPS、联合基线解的内符合精度统计Figure 7. The Statistics of Precision of BDS, GPS and BDS/GPS Combined Baseline Solutions图 6(a)表示BGO软件处理北斗与GPS基线分量的差值ΔX、ΔY、ΔZ，其中有43条基线在X、Y、Z方向上的分量差值Δx、Δy、Δz在2 cm内，有31条基线在X、Y、Z方向上的分量差值在mm级。图 6(b)表示BGO软件处理北斗与联合基线分量的差值，其中有54条基线在X、Y、Z方向上的分量差值在2 cm内，有38条基线在X、Y、Z方向上的分量差值在mm级(图 6中第6条基线北斗为浮点解，各分量差值结果较大，图中置为0)。
图 7中，93%的联合基线在X、Y、Z方向上的分量精度分别优于0.5 mm、1 mm、0.5 mm；约90%的北斗基线和95%的GPS基线在X、Y、Z方向上的分量精度分别优于1 mm、2 mm、1 mm。由北斗、GPS、联合基线3者精度比较可知，在北斗试运行阶段，GPS基线内符合精度略优于北斗，北斗与GPS联合系统基线内符合精度明显高于独立系统。
2.4 BGO基线网平差及其精度分析
BGO具备网平差功能，根据网平差后的基线分量改正数、相对中误差、点位精度等判断基线解算结果的可靠性。对上述解算的北斗、GPS、联合基线分别进行无约束网平差。
北斗、GPS、联合基线无约束网平差的平差改正数δX、δY、δZ绝大部分在±1 cm内，如图 8(a)~8(c)所示。最弱边相对中误差优于5.5 ppm(规范限值)，具体见表 1。据图 8、表 1及《高速铁路工程测量规范》[21]可知，BGO能合理稳定地解算北斗、GPS及联合基线，解算结果中的基线向量改正数、最弱边相对中误差、最弱点点位精度均满足CPI控制测量要求，各系统解算均能精确获得24个CPI控制点坐标。
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图 8 GPS、北斗、联合无约束网平差基线向量改正数Figure 8. Baseline Vector Corrections from GPS, BDS and BDS/GPS Combined Unconstrained Adjustment表 1 GPS、北斗、联合无约束平差结果统计Table 1. The Statistics of GPS, BDS and BDS/GPS Combined Unconstrained Adjustment Results解算模式 独立基线 多余观测数 控制点个数 最弱边相对中误差/ppm 最弱点点位精度/mm GPS 55 66 24 3.6 23.6 北斗 51 57 24 3.1 26.9 联合 57 72 24 3.7 17.9 3 结语
本文系统地研究了北斗与GPS联合基线解算的算法，自主开发了北斗高精度基线解算软件BGO。通过实测高铁CPI控制网的数据处理测试表明：软件能进行高精度地处理北斗与GPS数据, 以及北斗与GPS联合数据处理；GPS基线解算性能与天宝TGO软件相当，能达到与Bernese软件一致的精度；北斗与GPS基线处理能达到与TBC相当的水平。BGO最大的优势在于能对北斗和GPS进行联合解算，从而提高北斗或GPS单系统的基线解算合格率和精度。经高速铁路CPI控制网实例测试，证明该软件处理基线结果可用于高精度北斗和GPS测量控制网的数据处理。
http://ch.whu.edu.cn/cn/article/doi/10.13203/j.whugis20220549
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图 1 不同研究领域对遥感参量空间分辨率的需求
Figure 1. Requirements for Spatial Resolution of Remote Sensing Parameters in Different Fields
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图 2 历年遥感参量降尺度文献数量及数量排名前4的期刊(检索截止时间：2022‐07‐28)
Figure 2. Number of Downscaling Papers on Remote Sensing Parameters and the Top 4 Journals by Volume
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图 3 遥感参量空间降尺度方法体系
Figure 3. Methodological System for Spatial Downscaling of Remote Sensing Parameters
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图 8 超分辨率重建隐式融合降尺度方法
Figure 8. Implicit Fusion Downscaling Method Based on Super‐Resolution Reconstruction
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图 10 遥感参量降尺度评价方式
Figure 10. Evaluation Methods for Downscaling of Remote Sensing Parameters
表 1 本文涉及典型目标遥感参量的空间分辨率概况
Table 1 Spatial Resolution of Typical Target Remote Sensing Parameters in This Paper
遥感参量 典型参量 分辨率/km 主要数据来源 水循环参量：降水、陆面蒸散、土壤水分、雪水当量、蓄水量等 降水 约25 热带降雨测量任务 约10 全球降水测量计划 土壤水分 约40 土壤水分和海洋盐度卫星 约36 土壤水分主‐被动遥感卫星 约25 高级微波扫描辐射计/风云三号微波辐射成像仪 地表辐射收支参量：太阳辐射、宽波段反照率、地表温度和热红外发射率、地表长波辐射收支等 地表温度 约5 甚高分辨率辐射计/欧洲气象卫星可见光红外成像仪 约3 欧洲气象卫星自旋增强可见光与红外成像仪 约1 中分辨率成像光谱仪 大气循环参量：大气温度、湿度、风速、气溶胶、二氧化碳/甲烷和其他温室气体、臭氧等 气溶胶光学厚度 约10 中分辨率成像光谱仪 约5 葵花8号高像素红外线成像仪/甚高分辨率辐射计 约4 地球静止环境业务卫星 约3 中分辨率成像光谱仪/自旋增强可见光与红外成像仪 生物物理/化学参量：冠层生化特性、植被指数、吸收光合有效辐射比例、植被覆盖度等 植被指数 约1 中分辨率成像光谱仪/植被传感器 海洋参量：海表热通量、海洋水色、海冰、海表温度等 海表温度 约25 高级微波扫描辐射计 
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