Objectives The speedy advancement of digital technologies has substantially reshaped urban leisure service supply channels and consumption patterns. Nonetheless, this phenomenon has also noticeably disrupted the conventional equilibrium between service provision and resident demand in offline environments. By using Tianjin's six cen-tral districts as a case study, we probe deep into the spatial dynamics of supply-demand matching efficiency in online-to-offline (O2O) leisure consumption spaces under the influen‑ce of internet technologies. This innovative exploration predominantly centers around identifying key influen‑cing factors and mechanisms driving the spatial configuration of leisure services in digitally mediated urban environments.
Methods An all-round spatial analysis framework was employed to assess the supply-demand matching efficiency of O2O leisure consumption spaces at the street level. Data principally originated from the Dianping platform (2023 merchant listings and user reviews), combined with built environment metrics such as road network density, public transportation accessibility, and demographic characteristics derived from census data. Through the incorporation of both physical infrastructure and digital footprint elements, an integrated indicator system was developed to quantify supply capacity (including actual and potential supply) and demand intensity (covering total and realized demand). Supply-demand matching was evaluated using a coupling coordination model, while spatial association patterns were analyzed through colocation quotient methods.
Results Remarkable spatial mismatches were identified between leisure facilities and population distribution across the study area, with 23.5% of streets experiencing supply-demand imbalances and approximate imbalances. Transportation infrastructure, particularly public transportation networks, consistently enhanced matching efficiency, whereas office clusters and residential zones exhibited suppressive effects. Distinct driving factors emerged across dissimilar efficiency levels. To be more specific, road network density was the dominant positive factor in low-efficiency areas, while age structure diversity played a critical role in moderate-efficiency zones, and transportation accessibility became the key driver in high-efficiency regions. Aside from that, cultural entertainment venues displayed more conspicuous dependencies on commercial hubs in comparison with essential life-service establishments, which prioritized stable customer flows.
Conclusions The findings underline the necessity for phased interventions tailored to varying efficiency levels, so as to optimize urban O2O leisure space governance. In low-efficiency areas, upgrading micro-circulation road networks and improving short-distance mobility solutions can contribute to a more favorable accessibility. Aside from that, expanding multi-generational service offerings and promoting digital literacy among older populations potentially augments engagement for moderate-efficiency zones. High-efficiency corridors benefit most from strengthening inter-district connectivity and integrating leisure services with tourism and business activities. These empirical insights provide actionable benchmarks for decision-makers who endeavor to align digital infrastructure deployment with evolving urban consumption behaviors, which ultimately reinforces the operational efficiency and sustainability of modern cities.
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