Abstract: Severe convective systems produce extreme weather events such as shortduration heavy rainfall, thunderstorms, and hail. Characterized by rapid development, high intensity, and substantial destructive potential, these systems play a vital role in the global water cycle and energy exchange and are major drivers of regional natural disasters. Atmospheric aerosols serve as cloud condensation and ice-nucleating particles, substantially influencing cloud and precipitation formation and development, and are therefore key factors in modulating severe convective systems. Against the backdrop of accelerating global warming and industrial transformation, this review addresses two central topics: multisource monitoring of the evolution of severe convective systems and the mechanisms underlying aerosol influences on these systems. We review the roles of ground-based and satellite observations in identifying and tracking severe convective systems and synthesize the mechanisms through which aerosol pollution modulates severe convection, including warm-phase invigoration, mixed-phase invigoration, ultrafine particle activation, and meteorological feedbacks. We further examine discrepancies in findings across meteorological conditions, aerosol types, and land–ocean environments, together with their underlying causes. Finally, we outline future research directions in cloud microphysical retrievals, vertical structure observations, physics-based modeling, and artificial intelligence applications.