基于Transformer的低轨卫星实时轨道与钟差误差联合补偿方法

Transformer-Based Joint Compensation Method for RealTime Orbit and Clock Errors of LEO Satellites

  • 摘要: 运动学方法是低轨(Low Earth Orbit,LEO)卫星实时精密定轨的主流技术之一,但该方法对几何观测与全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)星历数据质量较为敏感,无法在数据质量较差条件下获取高精度低轨卫星实时轨道和钟差产品。针对此问题,提出一种基于Transformer神经网络的低轨卫星实时轨道与钟差误差联合补偿方法。利用Transformer的自注意力机制在滑动窗口内对实时轨道与钟差误差进行一体化建模,并补偿至原轨道钟差。使用Sentinel-3A、Sentinel-3B和Sentinel-6A卫星2022年全年星载GNSS观测数据,分别在广播星历与实时精密星历产品两种条件下开展运动学实时精密定轨实验,以评估该方法的性能。结果表明:在广播星历条件下,相比于传统运动学实时定轨结果,应用该方法后,三颗低轨卫星实时轨道一维均方根(one-dimensional root mean square,1D RMS)误差可减小30.7%-46.7%,实时钟差误差均值由-16.5 ns--11.6 ns减小至-0.1 ns-0.4 ns,标准差也减小了38.5%-43.5%,空间信号测距误差( signal-in-space ranging errors,SISRE) RMS由353.0 cm- 493.1 cm减小至48.0 cm-100.6 cm,由米级减小至分米级。而在法国国家空间研究中心(Centre National d'Études Spatiales,CNES)发布的实时精密产品条件下,不同低轨卫星的实时轨道和钟差误差仍可分别减小22.6%-40.5%和84.8%-94.4%,从而验证了该方法对于提升低轨卫星实时轨道钟差精度的良好效果。

     

    Abstract: Objectives: Real-time kinematic precise orbit determination (POD) of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites is attractive for onboard applications owing to its low computational burden and independence from dynamic models. Its accuracy, however, is limited by the quality of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) broadcast ephemerides and real-time precise products. Existing machine-learning-based error compensation methods address three-dimensional orbit errors while overlooking clock errors. A joint real-time compensation method is developed for both orbit and clock errors to improve LEO kinematic POD accuracy under different GNSS product conditions. Methods: A Transformer neural network with multi-head self-attention is developed to model real-time orbit and clock errors. A sliding window of state features extracted from the kinematic POD process feeds an encoder-only architecture that jointly predicts three-axis orbit and clock errors. The dataset covers the full year of 2022 from Sentinel-3A, Sentinel-3B, and Sentinel- 6A. Solutions are evaluated under broadcast ephemerides and Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) real-time products, with external precise scientific orbit and clock products as reference. Results: Under broadcast ephemerides, the one-dimensional root mean square (1D RMS) orbit errors of the three LEO satellites decrease by 30.7% to 46.7% compared with conventional kinematic real-time POD results. The mean clock errors are reduced from -16.5 ns – -11.6 ns to - 0.1 ns – 0.4 ns, with the standard deviation decreasing by 38.5% to 43.5%. The RMS of signal-inspace ranging errors (SISRE) decreases from 353.0 cm – 493.1 cm to 48.0 cm – 100.6 cm, i.e., from the meter level to the decimeter level. Under CNES real-time precise ephemerides, the real-time orbit and clock errors of different LEO satellites are still reduced by 22.6% to 40.5% and 84.8% to 94.4%, respectively, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the accuracy of LEO real-time orbit and clock products. Conclusions: In summary, the proposed Transformerbased joint compensation method significantly improves the real-time orbit and clock accuracy of LEO kinematic POD under both broadcast ephemerides and real-time precise products, across different satellite platforms and GNSS configurations.

     

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