大众智能终端GNSS有意干扰检测技术研究现状与展望

A Review of GNSS Intentional Interference Detection Technologies for Mass-Market Intelligent Terminals:Research Status and Prospects

  • 摘要: 全球卫星导航系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)已成为智能手机、车载终端、消费级无人机和可穿戴设备等智能终端获取位置、速度和时间信息的关键基础设施。由于民用GNSS信号到达地面时接收功率极低、信号结构完全开放,且大众终端普遍缺乏阵列天线、专用射频监测和加密认证等安全防护能力,其在复杂电磁环境和有意攻击场景下面临较为严峻的压制与欺骗干扰威胁。其中,压制干扰主要通过抬升噪声基底或注入特定频谱形态的射频信号直接中断接收机的捕获、跟踪和定位解算过程;欺骗干扰则通过伪造、转发或生成高保真GNSS信号隐蔽地诱导终端输出错误但看似合理的位置、速度或时间结果,其危害性与隐蔽性均远超压制干扰。面向大众智能终端特定应用场景,首先明确GNSS有意干扰威胁分类体系和终端可观测变量集,在此基础上综述了压制干扰与欺骗干扰检测技术的研究进展,然后重点分析了基于信号强度与接收机状态、频谱与统计特征、原始测量一致性、众包协同感知、运动状态约束、多传感器融合和机器学习等7类方法的适用条件、部署开销和固有局限性。同时,梳理了该领域公开数据集、实验平台和性能评价指标,并从真实攻击数据获取、复杂城市环境鲁棒性、跨设备泛化能力、低功耗实时检测、多源可信融合、端边云协同和可解释人工智能等方面提炼了未来发展方向。综述表明,大众智能终端GNSS有意干扰检测方法不能直接照搬专业接收机的抗干扰技术路线,而应充分挖掘终端原生观测、多源辅助信息和群体协同能力,构建分层次、轻量化、可验证的检测体系。

     

    Abstract: Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has become a critical infrastructure for mass-market intelligent terminals, such as smartphones, vehicle-mounted terminals, consumer unmanned aerial vehicles, and wearable devices, to obtain position, velocity, and time information. Due to the extremely low received power of civil GNSS signals at ground level and their fully open signal structure, and because massmarket terminals generally lack security capabilities such as antenna arrays, dedicated radio-frequency monitoring, and cryptographic authentication, they are highly vulnerable to both jamming and spoofing threats in complex electromagnetic environments and intentional attack scenarios. Specifically, jamming mainly degrades receiver acquisition, tracking, and positioning performance by raising the noise floor or injecting radio-frequency signals with specific spectral characteristics, thereby disrupting navigation service outright; spoofing, by contrast, induces terminals to output incorrect but seemingly plausible position, velocity, or time results by forging, replaying, or generating high-fidelity GNSS-like signals, which poses far more insidious and destructive risks. Focusing on the specific application scenario of mass-market intelligent terminals, we first clarify the classification system of GNSS intentional interference threats and the set of terminal-observable measurements, then systematically review the research progress of jamming and spoofing detection techniques. Emphasis is placed on the applicability, deployment cost, and inherent limitations of seven categories of methods based on signal strength and receiver status, spectrum and statistical features, raw measurement consistency, crowdsourced collaborative sensing, motion constraints, multi-sensor fusion, and machine learning. In addition, we summarize the publicly available datasets, experimental platforms, and performance evaluation metrics in this field, and systematically discuss future directions in terms of real attack data acquisition, robustness in complex urban environments, cross-device generalization, low-power real-time detection, trustworthy multi-source fusion, edge-cloud collaboration, and explainable artificial intelligence. The review concludes that GNSS intentional interference detection for massmarket intelligent terminals should not simply copy anti-interference schemes designed for professional receivers. Instead, it should fully exploit terminal-native observations, multi-source auxiliary information, and collaborative sensing capabilities to develop a layered, lightweight, and verifiable detection framework.

     

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