Abstract: As lunar exploration transitions from short-term detection missions to long-term lunar habitation and in-situ resource utilization, the establishment of a high-precision, unified, and autonomous lunar spatial reference system has become an urgent requirement to support China’s lunar scientific research, engineering implementation, and international cooperation. Existing lunar spatial reference systems are plagued by core limitations including inconsistent reference frame specifications, sparse and unevenly distributed control points, and the absence of a unified physical elevation datum. The fundamental concepts and full development history of mainstream lunar spatial reference systems are systematically elaborated, with coverage of core components including lunar reference frames and control networks, elevation datums, lunar gravity field models, and lunar ephemerides. The key technologies and implementation approaches for the establishment and longterm maintenance of high-precision lunar spatial reference systems are emphatically discussed. On this basis, the outstanding problems and critical challenges facing existing systems are systematically sorted out, and the future development roadmap of lunar spatial reference systems is mapped out, to provide solid theoretical support for the construction of China’s upcoming international lunar research station, as well as the development of an integrated Earth-Moon communication, navigation, and remote sensing system.