融合无人机摄影测量与GNSS的滑坡变形监测方法

A Method for Landslide Deformation Monitoring Integrating UAV Photogrammetry and GNSS

  • 摘要: 全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)因其精度高、全天时等优点在滑坡监测领域得到了广泛应用,但存在仅能进行点状监测的局限性(仅能进行点上的监测,难以实现对破碎的滑坡整体监测)。无人机摄影测量技术虽能获取整个面状地形数据,但监测精度及时效性都无法满足连续监测的要求。针对此,本文提出一种融合无人机摄影测量和GNSS的新方法,旨在实现对滑坡的面状连续监测。该方法通过无人机重复采集同一GNSS监测站周围区域的影像数据,基于多期无人机衍生的点云、数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)与GNSS监测结果,建立了一种坐标框架统一的GNSS与摄影测量融合模型。该模型能够根据监测区域内GNSS高程时序监测值,获取任意目标日期的高程方向面状监测结果。实验结果表明,通过联测模型计算的面状监测变形趋势与GNSS监测变形趋势一致,且联测模型计算得到的该区域内其他监测站的高程位移与GNSS解算得到的高程监测结果误差在1厘米以内。本文提出的多源数据融合监测方案能够实现对滑坡失稳面的连续厘米级高精度监测,该方法对于滑坡失稳区域的监测具有参考价值。

     

    Abstract: Objectives: Landslide monitoring requires both extensive spatial coverage and continuous temporal data, which single-technology solutions struggle to provide. While GNSS delivers precise continuous point measurements, its sparse spatial sampling cannot fully characterize fragmented landslide areas. UAV photogrammetry offers dense spatial data, but its temporal resolution and accuracy remain inadequate for continuous monitoring. This study develops a data fusion method integrating both technologies to achieve continuous, centimeter-level areal monitoring of landslide deformation. Methods: The method involves repeated UAV surveys over a landslide area equipped with GNSS monitoring stations. UAV trajectory data are processed using post-processed kinematic (PPK) positioning and cubic spline interpolation, establishing a unified coordinate framework with the GNSS reference station to eliminate systematic bias. Multi-temporal UAV point clouds are co-registered through the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). An integrated fusion model is then developed by discretizing the monitored area into points and calculating the elevation ratio of each point relative to the GNSS station. Piecewise linear interpolation is used to describe the temporal evolution of these ratios, enabling estimation of surface elevations for any target date based on GNSS time-series data. Results: Field experiments at the Heifangtai landslide (Gansu Province) demonstrated that the unified coordinate framework reduced horizontal deviation between UAV and GNSS results from several meters (maximum 4.69 m) to below 0.2 m. The fusion model successfully generated surface elevation data for dates between UAV flights, with deformation trends showing strong consistency with GNSS time series (Pearson correlation = 0.982). At an independent low-cost GNSS station, the deviation between modeled elevation displacements and actual measurements remained within 1 cm. Deformation rate analysis further revealed a three-phase evolutionary pattern characterized by "acceleration-stabilization-re-acceleration". Conclusions: The proposed UAV-GNSS fusion method effectively overcomes the spatial sparsity of GNSS and the temporal discontinuity of UAV photogrammetry. It enables generation of continuous, centimeter-level landslide surface monitoring data within a unified spatial-temporal framework. This approach provides a practical and reliable solution for high-precision landslide monitoring and early-warning applications.

     

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