Objectives Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) serves as both a strategic deterrent capability and a symbol of national strength among major powers worldwide. With the security environment surrounding GNSS applications becoming increasingly severe, satellite navigation countermeasures have attracted growing attention from many countries. In recent years, research in this field has mainly focused on theories, technologies, and equipment related to GNSS jamming and anti-jamming. By comparison, studies on the performance evaluation and efficacy assessment of GNSS jamming and anti-jamming remain relatively limited. A number of prominent problems still exist, including fragmented evaluation indicators, limited systematicity in evaluation frameworks, insufficient credibility of indicator weighting, the limited applicability of existing effectiveness evaluation methods, and the inability of performance evaluation results to effectively support efficacy assessment. These issues highlight the urgent need to integrate collective expertise and develop innovative approaches to overcome current bottlenecks in satellite navigation countermeasure evaluation. The conceptual connotation of satellite navigation countermeasures is clarified, and the current state of evaluation research in this field is systematically examined. On this basis, major limitations in existing research are identified, and feasible directions for future development are proposed in accordance with practical national needs.

Methods First, the connotation and scope of satellite navigation countermeasures are explicitly clarified. By combining this understanding with existing evaluation taxonomies, satellite navigation countermeasure evaluation is categorized into two major types that are performance evaluation and effectiveness evaluation. Performance evaluation is conducted by establishing evaluation models and testing methods to quantitatively assess satellite navigation countermeasures, thereby obtaining quantitative results and supporting performance optimization. Effectiveness evaluation, in contrast, is carried out by using operations research methods to determine indicator weights and optimize alternative schemes, thereby obtaining the optimal solution, formulating response strategies, and improving protective benefits. In this framework, performance evaluation serves as the basis for effectiveness evaluation. Based on this classification, domestic and international research in both categories is reviewed and analyzed from multiple perspectives, including development ideas, technological approaches, representative innovations, testing and application, and emerging trends worthy of attention. Through comparative analysis, the evolution of relevant evaluation methods is further examined, and their main characteristics at different stages of development are summarized.

Results The analysis indicates that the theoretical and methodological research on performance evaluation and effectiveness evaluation of satellite navigation countermeasures can be accomplished through the successive implementation of these two types of evaluation, given their interaction and continuity. However, existing studies have mainly focused on partial performance evaluation under a single interference source or a single confrontation scenario, resulting in a rather limited evaluation perspective. Comprehensive evaluation and optimal decision-making for multiple confrontation scenarios and multiple interference patterns have not yet been adequately addressed. Consequently, a number of problems remain, including fragmented indicator systems, incomplete performance evaluation models, low credibility of indicator weighting, the limited applicability of effectiveness evaluation methods, insufficient coordinated treatment of dynamic complexity, fuzziness, and randomness, and the lack of validation and feedback mechanisms. These limitations ultimately prevent performance evaluation from effectively supporting effectiveness evaluation and, in turn, hinder the effective protection benefits of satellite navigation systems.

Conclusions In light of these findings and with due consideration of specific national conditions, four categories of countermeasures and suggestions are proposed. These recommendations involve research concepts, development priorities, and task arrangements among other strategic issues. The overall purpose is to encourage further discussion and deeper academic exchange, promote the transition from fragmented indicator-based analysis to more systematic and application-oriented evaluation thinking, and provide useful references for decision-making departments in planning future work on satellite navigation countermeasures. By strengthening both performance evaluation and efficacy assessment in an integrated manner, the scientific foundation and practical support for GNSS confrontation capability development can be further improved.